Positive modulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors differentially alters spatial learning and memory in juvenile rats younger and older than three weeks.

Remarkable performance improvements occur at the end of the third postnatal week in rodents tested in various tasks that require navigation according to spatial context. While alterations in hippocampal function at least partially subserve this cognitive advancement, physiological explanations remain incomplete. Previously, we discovered that developmental modifications to hippocampal glutamatergic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in juvenile rats was related to more mature spontaneous alternation behavior in a symmetrical Y-maze. Moreover, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors enabled immature rats to alternate at rates seen in older animals, suggesting an excitatory synaptic limitation to hippocampal maturation. We then validated the Barnes maze for juvenile rats in order to test the effects of positive AMPA receptor modulation on a goal-directed spatial memory task. Here we report the effects of the AMPA receptor modulator, CX614, on spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze. Similar to our prior report, animals just over 3 weeks of age display substantial improvements in learning and memory performance parameters compared to animals just under 3 weeks of age. A moderate dose of CX614 enabled immature animals to move more directly to the goal location, but only after 1 day of training. This performance improvement was observed on the second day of training with drug delivery or during a memory probe trial performed without drug delivery after the second day of training. Higher doses created more search errors, especially in more mature animals. Overall, CX614 provided modest performance benefits for immature rats in a goal-directed spatial memory task.

Frequency and Focus of in Vitro Studies of Microglia-Expressed Cytokines in Response to Viral Infection: A Systematic Review.

It is well known that as part of their response to infectious agents such as viruses, microglia transition from a quiescent state to an activated state that includes proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory phases; this behavior has been described through in vitro studies. However, recent in vivo studies on the function of microglia have questioned the two-phase paradigm; therefore, a change in the frequency of in vitro studies is expected. A systematic review was carried out to identify the microglial cytokine profile against viral infection that has been further evaluated through in vitro studies (pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory), along with analysis of its publication frequency over the years. For this review, 531 articles published in the English language were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and ResearchGate. Only 27 papers met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. In total, 19 cytokines were evaluated in these studies, most of which are proinflammatory; the most common are IL-6, followed by TNF-α and IL-1ß. It should be pointed out that half of the studies were published between 2015 and 2022 (raw data available in https://github.com/dadriba05/SystematicReview.git ). In this review, we identified that evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines released by microglia against viral infections has been performed more frequently than that of anti-inflammatory cytokines; additionally, a higher frequency of evaluation of the response of microglia cells to viral infection through in vitro studies from 2015 and beyond was noted.

Association of variants in the ABCB1, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genes for Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most common of the generalized genetic epilepsies, with multiple causal and susceptibility genes; however, its etiopathogenesis is mainly unknown. The toxic effects caused by xenobiotics in cells occur during their metabolic transformation, mainly by enzymes belonging to cytochrome P450. The elimination of these compounds by transporters of the ABC type protects the central nervous system, but their accumulation causes neuronal damage, resulting in neurological diseases. The present study has sought the association between single nucleotide genetic variants of the CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1 genes and the development of JME in patients compared to healthy controls. The CC1236 and GG2677 genotypes of ABCB1 in women; allele G 2677, genotypes GG 2677 and CC 3435 in men; the CYP2C19*2A allele, and the CYP2C19*3G/A genotype in both sexes were found to be risk factors for JME. Furthermore, carriers of the TTGGCC genotype combination of the ABCB1 gene (1236/2677/3435) have a 10.5 times higher risk of developing JME than non-carriers. Using the STRING database, we found an interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes and other possible proteins. These findings indicate that the CYP450 system and ABC transporters could interact with other genes in the JME.

Manifestaciones orales de la infección por COVID-19

Las secuelas y consecuencias de la COVID-19 son múltiples y engloban disímiles aspectos, con gran impacto negativo para los sistemas sanitarios y la humanidad. En tal sentido, poseer información actualizada y pertinente favorece al arduo enfrentamiento a esta pandemia. Este trabajo tiene el propósito de actualizar los conocimientos sobre las manifestaciones orales de la infección por COVID-19. A propósito de este tema, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica. La búsqueda se ejecutó a través de Google Académico, SciELO y otras fuentes de información de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de Cuba. El impacto de la COVID-19 en la salud oral está determinado por el sistema inmunológico del paciente, la farmacoterapia que recibe y la patogenia del virus. Predominan los síntomas de sequedad de boca, hipogeusia, disgeusia y ageusia, incluso antes de los síntomas respiratorios. Entre otras manifestaciones se encuentra la candidiasis orofaríngea, presente en aproximadamente el 5 % de los pacientes en días posteriores al diagnóstico. Las principales manifestaciones orales relacionadas a la COVID-19 reportadas en la literatura son: hiposalivación, xerostomía, ageusia, hipogeusia, disgeusia, lesiones herpéticas y candidiasis.

The aftereffect and consequences of COVID-19 are multiple and include dissimilar aspects, with a great negative impact on health systems and humanity. In this sense, having updated and relevant information favors the arduous confrontation with this pandemic. The purpose of this research is updating knowledge about the oral manifestations of COVID-19 infection. A bibliographical review was carried out. The search was carried out through Google Scholar, SciELO and other information sources from the Cuba Virtual Health Library. The impact of COVID-19 on oral health is determined by the patient's immune system, the pharmacotherapy they receive, and the pathogenesis of the virus. Symptoms of dry mouth, hypogeusia, dysgeusia, and ageusia predominate, even before respiratory symptoms. Other manifestations include oropharyngeal candidiasis; appear approximately in 5% of patients, days after diagnosis. The main oral manifestations related to COVID-19 reported in the literature are: hyposalivation, xerostomia, ageusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia, herpetic lesions, and candidiasis.

Abordaje transcervical en el síndrome de Eagle. Reporte de caso clínico / Transcervical Approach in Eagle Syndrome. Clinical Case Report

Resumen El síndrome de Eagle es una enfermedad rara responsable de múltiples síntomas de cabeza y cuello, resultado de un alargamiento del proceso estiloideo u osificación del ligamento estilohioideo comprimiendo estructuras neurovasculares adyacentes, hay dos variantes, el clásico caracterizado principalmente por dolor y disfagia y la variante carotídea distinguido con dolor y en ocasiones isquemia cerebral. Describimos un reporte de caso clínico de un paciente femenino de 45 años, quien experimentaba dolor cervical de lado izquierdo, realizando el protocolo completo de dolor miofascial del Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza ISSSTE de la Ciudad de México, el estudio de tomografía computada evidenció una elongación de 50mm del proceso estiloideo, confirmando el diagnóstico, enfocando el artículo en la descripción anatómico-quirúrgica.

Abstract Eagle syndrome is a rare disease responsible for multiple head and neck symptoms, resulting from an elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament compressing adjacent neurovascular structures. There are two variants, the classic one characterized mainly by pain and dysphagia and the carotid variant distinguished with pain and sometimes cerebral ischemia. We describe a clinical case report of a 45-year-old female patient, who experienced left cervical pain, performing the complete myofascial pain protocol of the Regional Hospital "General Ignacio Zaragoza" ISSSTE in Mexico City, resulting in a 50mm elongation of the styloid process in the CT scan, confirming the diagnosis, and focusing the article on the anatomical-surgical description.

Resultados de la dilatación de la trompa de Eustaquio en adultos con disfunción tubárica crónica / Results of Eustaquian tube dilation in adults with chronic tubal disfunction

Introducción: la dilatación endoscópica con balón ha mostrado ser una herramienta terapéutica y efectiva para el tratamiento de la disfunción de la trompa de Eustaquio. Al momento se desconocen los resultados en la población colombiana. Objetivos: determinar la mejoría clínica de la dilatación de la trompa de Eustaquio en pacientes adultos con disfunción tubárica crónica, en un centro de IV nivel de atención en Bogotá. Diseño: estudio observacional retrospectivo con componente analítico. Métodos: se revisaron los registros clínicos de pacientes intervenidos con la dilatación endoscópica de la trompa de Eustaquio; se describen los cambios objetivos y subjetivos en el posoperatorio. Resultados: se obtuvieron 22 pacientes entre los 18 y 66 años con seguimiento de 6 a 22 meses. Al 84,5 % se les realizó la intervención bilateral y al 15,8 % la unilateral, para un total de 38 oídos intervenidos. El 60 % lograron la normalización del timpanograma. Hubo una mejoría de las presiones del oído medio de -102,5 a -3,5 daPa (p = 0,005). Se alcanzó una mejoría estadísticamente significativa en 6/7 síntomas según la escala de severidad y reducción del gap aéreo-óseo en 7 dB y 4 dB del promedio de tonos puros por vía aérea (PTA) (p = 0,249; p = 0,711). Además, se generó un impacto positivo promedio de +32 en la escala de calidad de vida según el Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Conclusión: la dilatación de trompa de Eustaquio resulta ser una terapéutica segura y eficaz en población adulta, con mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la severidad de los síntomas y en las presiones del oído medio, lo cual genera un impacto positivo en la escala de calidad de vida según el GBI.

Introduction: Endoscopic balloon dilation has been shown to be a therapeutic and effective tool for the treatment of eustachian tube dysfunction. Now, the results in the Colombian population are unknown. Aim: Describe the clinical improvement of eustachian tube dilation in adult patients with chronic tubal dysfunction, in a 4th level complexity hospital in Bogotá. Design: Retrospective observational study with analytical component. Methods: The clinical records of patients undergoing endoscopic dilatation of the Eustachian tube were reviewed. Objective and subjective changes in the postoperative period are described. Results: 22 patients were obtained between 18 and 66 years and follow-up from 6 to 22 months. 84.5 % underwent bilateral intervention and 15.8 % unilaterally for a total of 38 operated ears. 60 % achieved tympanogram normalization. There was improvement of middle ear pressures from -102.5 to -3.5 daPa (p = 0.005). Statistically significant improvement in 6/7 symptoms according to the severity scale and reduction of air-bone Gap in 7 dB and 4 dB of airway PTA (p = 0.249; p = 0.711). Generating an average positive impact of +32 on the quality-of-life scale according to the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Conclusions: Eustachian tube dilation proves to be a safe and effective therapy in an adult population with statistically significant improvements in the severity of symptoms, and in middle ear pressures. Generating a positive impact on the scale of quality of life according to the GBI.

Propuesta de metodología para ejecutar el análisis de situación de salud bucal en la carrera de estomatología / Proposal of a methodology for oral health status analysis in dental studies

RESUMEN Introducción: El análisis de la situación de salud es un tema indispensable en la formación de profesionales que tienen a cargo la salud de una comunidad y que requieren de una útil herramienta para la identificación de problemas de salud en el primer nivel de atención. Objetivo: Describir una metodología para facilitar la ejecución de la fase analítica de la situación de salud bucal en una comunidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, a través del buscador Google Académico y en las bases de datos bibliográficas PubMed, Lilacs, Cumed y SciELO Cuba. Se revisaron trabajos presentados en el Congreso Internacional de Estomatología 2015. Los descriptores empleados para la búsqueda fueron: estado de salud, salud bucal, salud poblacional, atención primaria de salud, educación en odontología, y sus homólogos en inglés. Luego de ser filtrados, de los resultados obtenidos, se seleccionaron, por su vinculación al tema y actualización, 49 publicaciones científicas. Discusión: El análisis de situación de salud sirve como instrumento científico metodológico para identificar, priorizar y solucionar problemas comunitarios. La fase analítica es la más compleja del estudio, y en la que surgen dificultades para procesarla ordenadamente, debe comenzar por la clasificación epidemiológica de la población estudiada y seguir un orden lógico en su realización. Conclusiones: S e presenta una metodología que facilita la identificación y priorización de los riesgos substanciales, durante la fase analítica de un análisis de salud bucal(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Health status analysis is an indispensable topic in the training of professionals who will be in charge of health in a community and as such require a useful tool to identify health problems in primary care. Objective: Describe a methodology to facilitate oral health status analysis in a community. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted in the search engine Google Scholar and the databases PubMed, Lilacs, Cumed and SciELO Cuba. The review also covered the papers presented at the International Dental Congress 2015. The search terms used were 'health status', 'oral health', 'population health', 'primary health care', 'dental education' and their counterparts in Spanish. After filtering the results obtained, 49 scientific publications were selected due to their relationship to the subject and their topicality. Discussion: Health status analysis serves as a scientific methodological tool to identify, prioritize and solve community problems. The analytical stage is the most complex in the study and the one in which difficulties arise related to its orderly processing. The starting point should be the epidemiological classification of the study population, and a logical order should be followed in its conduct. Conclusions: A methodology is presented which facilitates identification and prioritization of substantial risks during the analytical stage of an oral health status analysis(AU)

Situación de Salud Bucal de 20 familias pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Plaza. 2014 / Oral Healths situation of 20 families from Plaza Polyclinic. 2014

Introducción: los análisis de situación de salud diagnostican problemas de salud e identifican las causas, conjuntamente con la comunidad, para darle solución a los mismos. Además contribuyen a la formación de los estudiantes de Estomatología y otros profesionales de la salud en las instituciones docentes. Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo asociados a las principales enfermedades bucales de 20 familias pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Plaza. Material y Métodos: se efectuó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal en un consultorio del policlínico Plaza, donde se identificaron las enfermedades bucales más prevalentes y las posibles causas. Se utilizaron fuentes de información primaria y secundaria, se aplicó el índice de Higiene Bucal Simplificado y el índice COP D. Para la identificación de los problemas se utilizó el método cuantitativo de indicadores y el cualitativo de consenso Asamblea Comunitaria. Resultados: como principales enfermedades bucales se identifican las caries dentales (36.0 por ciento), y las periodontopatías (25.3 por ciento). Y los principales riesgos asociadas a estas, la higiene bucal deficiente (62.8 por ciento), la educación para la salud deficiente (52.6 por ciento), el tabaquismo (41.0 por ciento) y la dieta cariogénica (26.9 por ciento). Se consideró la trascendencia social del problema teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de la población. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo que más prevalecen en la población estudiada son la higiene bucal y la deficiente educación para la salud deficientes, el tabaquismo y la dieta cariogénica como posibles causas de las caries y periodontopatías, principales enfermedades identificadas(AU)

Introduction: The health situation analyses enable the problem diagnosis and the explanation of its causes in order to provide solutions to them, together with the community. Furthermore they contribute to the training of stomatology students and another professional of health in educational institutions. Objective: To identify risk factors associated with major oral diseases in 20 families belonging to the Plaza Teaching Polyclinic. Materials and Methods: Descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a clinic associated to the Polyclinic Plaza, where the most prevalent oral disease and possible causes were identified. Primary and secondary sources of information were used, we also apply the Simplified Oral Hygiene index and COP - D index. In order to identify the problems we utilize the quantitative method of indicators and the qualitative of consensus, Community Assembly. Results: The main oral diseases identified are caries (36.0 percent), and periodontopathies (25.3 percent), and the main risks associated to these are, poor oral hygiene (62.8 percent), inefficient health education (52.6 percent), tobacco smoking (41.0 percent) and a cariogenic diet (26.9 percent). The social significance of this problem was taken into account considering the need of the population.Conclusions: The major risk factors in the studied population are the oral hygiene and an inefficient health education and tobacco smoking and a cariogenic diet like possible causes of caries and periodontopathies, as main identified diseases(AU)